瀛瑙涓涓锛╃瀛涔╂

哄锛绉腑

朵锛Philip Ball冲

讹涓界瀛㈣绠虹缁淇℃腑蹇

寰夸娈垫堕撮锛浠涓猴介靛瀹繁涓濂娉锛浣褰绠绯荤琛ㄧ衡绫荤解琛涓烘讹绉瀛寮濮涓烘浜璁衡杩浜捐瑙锛句互瑙ｉ璞¤芥瀛ㄤ绁锛

╃瀛╁涔存浣涓

褰浠涓涓灏澶涓棰脊朵ㄦ濉涓撅规╃瀛娉锛浣浠ラ甯哥簿伴娴瀹浠杞ㄨ抗浠ㄤ楦藉浠ｇ脊锛澶瀹楠锛楦藉浼椋璧帮╁绯荤涓浼杩╃瀛寰锛褰讹瀹浠技涔涓锋棰娴藉告涔涓锛瀹浠存褰瀛绻琛

浠浠ヨ涓猴╂板瀵煎浠琛涓猴ㄥ插瀹跺父ㄧ璇ヨ璁恒

轰稿锛ㄧ╃瀛浠浠ヤ瀹澶х稿浜垮涔涓绉ラ娴浠澶╀妯℃枫浣娌℃浜鸿芥宠薄锛扮涓╂濮缁浣婕浜虹被辨ワ╃瀛寰浼间苟涓戒富瀹扮╃杩

杩╁瀹舵╂孤疯灏(Ernst Mayr)璁や负锛璁哄╁涓剁舵ц╁ㄤ澶绉瀛腑寰浜[1]杩涓ら」规у戒芥ユ浜╁涓瀵兼杩

杩ㄨ界朵璧浜轰烘э浣堕╁磋浜浜瀹剧澶琛ㄣㄧ╀滑浼琚按稿锛骞朵涓虹浣轰浠解姹俱ㄨ涓绋涓挎浣锛骞跺甫瀹浠拌揪姘存般

杩灏澹扮О锛杩浜规ц╁涓虹逛锛崇╁韩灏辨涓浣杩锛骞宠　╃瀛腑锛澶绯荤绉瀛淇℃璁虹灞瀵规瑙规烘

涓浠界ц璁＄浠ｇ锛冲ㄤ棰娴澧涓堕ㄥ淇℃锛骞惰澶躲搴濯浠撅ｄ灏卞浠ョ瑙ｏ╁苟涓辫冲翠骇锛变╃瀛浜х蹇剁

㈠璇璇达浼间绉╃瀛涓瑗垮ㄦ浜锛骞舵ㄤ╃婕ｄ锛涓搴璁や负涔界郴缁瑰撅涔璁镐杩瀛璁＄╃朵骇

2016骞11锛缇芥板瑗垮ュｈ绌舵涓涓璁ㄤ[2]姹浜涓澶ф圭绌垛澶绯荤绉瀛浜猴╃瀛板瀹跺璁＄绉瀛涓瀛╁瀹跺氨杩浜杩琛浜浼璋浜璁衡绌剁╁规锛瀹规涔澶ㄥ锛

姣浠浠苟娌℃杈炬辫浣撮句涓涓娓妤淇″锛濡ㄧ╃璁哄濯浠ㄦ绉╃瀛哄讹ｄ锛瀹灏变涓涔凡涓哄虹╃瀛稿姒蹇电淇℃绉稿虫с

搴楹

绗娆℃淇℃捐杩瀛19涓绾腑锛ｆ跺锛缁璁″瀛寮灞遍蓟绁煎扮瀛瑭瑰峰路楹James Clerk Maxwell锛姝ｅ杈缁璁″瀛朵唬楹绀轰濡浣寮ヤ俊撅骞跺琚瀛涓轰芥浜

ｆ讹楹凡缁姘浣灞э浣绉娓╁害锛浣浠伴哄ョ瀛ㄤ腑锛寰哄浠存弧瓒崇板崇郴㈠璇璇达瀛瀛瀛ㄥ井瑙灏哄害缁璁″瀛浜х╋杩ㄥ充ㄧ扮瀛瀹杩澶ц妯＄╄川灞э姣濡姘娓╁害

规瀛寰锛浠瀹芥涓ㄥ瀹归绘ㄥㄧ介村搴绘浜寰骞崇ㄦ釜╃杩绋涓涓浜介杩瀛寸鸿涓垮版涓烘ㄧｆ

杩绉烘х浜涓瀛碉琛ㄥ绯荤搴э锛涔崇瀛浜瀹寰缁锛瀹瀹涓浜╁浼涓绉涔辨搴舵瀛钩琛℃锛朵腑典杈惧版澶у硷伴ｆ讹涓浜╅戒澶瀛ㄣ

鹃浠娉ㄥ绉风借锛涓锛楹挎镐俊瀹锛姝ｅ浠ユ扮ｆ凤1867骞达浠寮濮瀵绘剧瀛浜瀹寰涓婕浠浠涓搴苟鸿ㄧ瀛㈠濮锛浠杩ㄥ揩瀛浠ㄦ㈢瀛涓绂诲烘ワ浠杩涓杩绋涓点

宠薄涓浜浠ョ瑙瀛姣釜瀛灏╋涓害ｄ娌抚锛ョ╃瀛濞寤路姹ゅ妫William Thomson锛绉颁涓哄杩涓杩涓涓ㄩ块ㄦ瀛涓や釜ㄥ锛姣浠颁涓锋瑰介瀛浠瀛规杩婊块ㄦ讹瀹灏变ㄦ寮锛骞惰瀛杩锛褰瀹颁涓浜杈封瀛浠瀛宸晶杩婊块ㄦ讹瀹涔浼ㄦ寮锛璁╁瀛杩

缁锛瀹浼寰颁涓渚чㄥ锋浣宸晶ㄥ浣瀛锛杩灏辨ㄧㄥ伐浣

杩绉靛蹇椤诲峰涓や釜′欢锛绗锛杩涓瑕姣浠ユ村淇℃涓哄浠ョ版釜瀛涓杩ㄧ舵锛涓璁″钩硷绗锛濡锋炬р瀹浠ユ璁″瀛峰瀛绂诲ャ杩╃ㄥ剧瀛锛灏辫芥瑙瀛寰

浜轰滑变涓惧勾堕村瑙ｄ负浠涔楹娉浠瀹涓璐ョ瀛浜瀹寰锛涓轰涔楹娉垮娈蹇婊块ㄦ姝讳骸钩琛＄舵

骞朵锛辫〃瀛淇℃ㄨ绋涓ㄧ存繁宠锛涔灏辨绠缇寰疯╃瀛缃灏澶峰伴灏璁や负[3]锛充娇濡浠ュㄦ介典锛淇℃婊锛╂ㄧ杩ㄧ涓璧锋ワ缁讳朵涓瑗夸负姝や拱涓哄ㄥ寮濮缁х画堕介锛瀹涓芥ユ姣釜瀛杩ㄦ剁璁板锛瀹蹇椤诲跺娓や涓璁板锛蹇ｄ浠ュ扮锛骞跺濮扮璁板杩绉淇℃涓垮浠ｄ环灏辨瑕娑介姝わ佃澧

杩瀛浜瀹寰锛渚楹垫椿宸ヤ涓锛借伴灏锛淇℃ら瑕缁娑锛存涓规ヨ锛淇℃绉褰㈠浆㈡涓绉褰㈠瑕锛

╀浼间村害界朵涓婊″瀛搴╄川ф缁浼娑瀹介苟杩ュ版婊骞宠　锛浣ぇ绾35浜垮勾界璧锋寮濮锛界郴缁灏卞濮缁缁伴垮藉ユ芥х骞宠　

浠浠颁ㄥ寸骞宠　舵澧涓介充娇寰┾缁锛涔浼版ュ荤╄川瑰杩ㄣ灏娓┞疯瀹璋锛Erwin Schr?dinger锛ㄤ1944骞村虹芥涔涓捐疯〃杩拌锛戒璐碘涓洪

瀹璋璇达杩淇ㄥ淇℃瀹浠颁朵腑锛浜淇℃ㄥ浠哄骞朵浼缁涓涓浠ｏｄ璐电浠ゃ

浣涓轰涓缁绱绉瀛锛瀹璋骞朵ラ锛淇℃浣瀛ㄥ缂锛浣姝ｆ涓浠绉颁涓衡ㄦф朵磋锛存[4]浜寮瑗挎峰锛Francis Crick锛瑭瑰锋妫James Watson锛骞朵1953骞达浠浠浜浼淇℃浣缂DNA瀛缁涓

浠ｄ互哄缁冲浠ョ浣╀绁锛浠ヨ拷婧板涔浠ュ锛ㄥ扮涓瀛涓绉璁板

规ぇ锋浼癸David Wolpert锛(板╃瀛)浠浜剧背路绉(Artemy Kolchinsky)ㄥｈ璁ㄤ涓缁锛涓抽硅烘モ锋楂搴х╀瀛澧稿宠濡涓涓涓哄乏杈规杈规椋╄璇ユ瑰娓稿ｄ瀹灏辫芥ｄ父ㄣㄩ杩姘瀵绘鹃╃缁锋村ソ搴у绻娈藉杩绉瀛ㄤ╀瀹澶澧涔寸宠э琛ㄦ浠寸淇℃变韩

娌浼瑰绉鸿涓猴姝ｆ绉淇℃府╀戒淇骞宠　舵锛涓猴灏卞害涓凤瀹戒ㄥ寸澧娉㈠ㄤ腑淇℃苟纭瀹琛涓恒濡娌℃杩浜淇℃╀灏变㈡㈠版㈠板钩琛＄舵姝讳骸

浠ヨ绉瑰ョ锛藉浠ヨ瑙涓轰绉澶уㄥ浣跨ㄦㄤ俊杩绠[5]锛涓戒寰濂界璇杩涓广伴灏缁璁虹楹鹃璁惧浜涓涓瀵逛璁板杩绠瑕涓瀹介涔灏辨蹇界

褰浠濂界璁＄烘娴垂介瑕杩杩楂浜缁介璐瑰ｏ瓒浜涓句杩涓姝浣娌浼硅〃绀猴浠浠ュ涓涓瀹昏绠娑介稿瀛杩琛甯镐瀹浼拌锛瀹浠浠伴灏肩宸

界杩璁

浠杩璇达堕╀撮甯稿虫敞杩绠灏瀛瀹浼绔敖藉板缁蹇椤绘ц杩绠婚㈠璇璇达╋介や浜虹被浠ュ锛浼间苟涓浼ㄧ瀛涓杩搴冲

浠杩琛ㄧず锛杩绉充疮绌跨╂翠釜界介杩绠锛涓撮借╁蹇界ャ

╀浠ヨ涓绉瀹浣锛浠浠ラ杩浣跨ㄤ俊ヨ介垮钩琛℃锛浠搴ㄥ寸澧褰讹杩捣ユ圭浣煎娉ㄦ杩骞舵病板哄杩璁猴灏绛绉瀛村瀹瀹浠╃惧渚璧

杩风惧藉甫棰浠蛋澶杩锛琚堕╄哄╁稿浣堕╄杩璁烘韩芥ㄤ函╃涓褰涓涓涓村峰芥у剧х逛锛辨ワ杩杩釜寮濮

搴т搴璁や负揪灏杩璁虹圭广浣夯宸ュ㈢╃瀛伴绫陈疯辨煎[6]锛Jeremy England锛瀵规琛ㄧず璐ㄧ锛浠璁や负锛瀵圭澧搴т浠ュㄥ戒绯婚

告璁や负╀圭归芥负浜瀛杈惧涓讳锛姝ゅ搴ф浜村涓板娑点杈惧瑙逛腑涓涓鹃灏辨ら杩琛杩芥函锛娌℃娉瀹涔浠涔锋楂搴х╀

ｄ烽搴р╀琛ㄧ烘村ソ瀛藉绻娈藉锛浣骞朵介娴浠涔风搴ф姣濡锛椴搁奔娴父╅芥锋寰濂介搴х娴锋╋浣ㄥ蜂搴瑰锛褰兼涔村存病浠涔剧绯汇

辨煎板浜搴р瀹涔存杩瀹璋锛虫害充涓锋ソ搴х涓浠ヤャ板ㄧ澧涓板告惰介灏卞ソ姣涓汉界ㄥ乏逛锛朵浜哄撮借浜锛涓哄ス磋介搴叉跨ㄣ

杩ㄩ骞宠　′欢涓杩ㄦ蹇垫ā缁璁″瀛规锛辨煎板浠㈤璁や负[7]锛杩浜锋ソ搴х绯荤搴璇ュ浜ｄ戒澧涓告跺ｈ介浣绯伙骞跺ㄦ杩绋涓骇点

浠杩琛ㄧず锛板ㄧ╄川缁父浼板ｇ村浠堕存澧涓褰㈢躲冲绯荤惧浜互浜虹ㄦцュ拌浜楂搴х舵涓

杩涓绋涓娌℃娑板ㄥ寸澧娓搴锛瀵瑰ㄥ寸澧娓搴磋疮绌夸翠釜杈惧哄垛绻琛寮х堕浼锛锛娌℃涓瑰充琛浜锛辨煎拌璇撮锛璁╂版ㄧ杩崇锛褰缁浜浠瀹╃伴瑙娴濮搴х讹浠瀹浠苟涓瑕涓惰缁浣浠ョㄧㄥ瀛瑙ｉ杩璁轰腑搴э冲浠ユ寸规涓癸涓瑕澶堕ｄ濂锛杈惧昏娉涔涓绔锛瑕涓绯荤瓒冲澶澶灏卞浠ュ瀵瑰澶澧涓板

浣╃瀛杈惧搴у苟娌℃茬浜瀹涓锛浠ョ浣涓绉逛濡澶跺ㄧ璇锛堕╁氨浜绯荤浠澧涓锛宠瀹璋璐碉寰澶跺涓绉浠ヤ娇澶绯荤村绋冲哄躲浠ヤ瑕濂杩灏辨╁ㄩ锛

浣ㄩ界涓涓澶跺翠浼缁父锛ｄ锋ソ搴хｇ惧浜楂搴缁缁э姣濡娌绾瑰娌涓锛瀹浠芥颁缁躲浠绉瑰ョ锛杈惧杩璁哄浠ョ浣涓绉存╃瑙寰瀹渚锛骞朵杩绉瑙寰杩骞宠　绯荤

棰瑷

杩绉搴板ㄧ澧澶缁惧朵璁告浠浜缁浣ㄥ淇℃绠瑷涔锛瑕绉缁锛涓璁烘界杩界锛戒琚揩浣跨ㄥㄧ介骞朵瀹浠芥涓衡棰瑷衡

╁浣绯讳瑰瀹浠舵ュ搴涓浜ヨ澧椹卞ㄤ俊锛杩涔界瑰涓绉瀹涔瑕浜锛浣灏变哄搴妞╀冲匡涔浼浜х姣绱搴浣杩浜澧淇″稿涓棰娴淇″锛浣戒绯讳渚锛浠浠澧涓ㄥ浣跨ㄨ浜淇℃ュ瀵兼ョ琛涓恒锛ㄨ绉惧腑锛哄烘涓抽癸

灏界棰娴ф娉╋浣规澶峰ぇ瀛路灏锛Susanne Still锛╃╀宸充鸡集╁藉瀹楠瀹ょ绌跺路椴(Gavin Crooks),浠ュ瀹浠浜宸ヤ锛瀵规ョ棰娴浼间澶浜烘у板ㄦх澧涓浠讳楂介绯绘涓灏[8]

灏浜锛瀛ㄨ淇℃浜х介瀵规ョ棰娴娌℃浠峰笺涓轰浣挎ф澶у锛绯荤涓寰涓杩琛┿濡瀹茬拌蹇杩浜锛灏变瀵艰村ぇ介

涓归濡瀹涓逛涓ㄥ瀹ㄧ澧涓淇℃瀹灏变涓板搴瀵规灏浣锛澶у疯タ锛DavidSivak锛(浠昏浜棰ヤ鸡姣浜挎瑗胯寮锋辰澶у)璇撮锛涓浣崇瀛哄ㄥ椤昏瀹杈惧版灏充ㄤ俊ュ钩琛¤蹇棰娴с绠璇达瀹蹇椤诲寰胯ㄧ淇℃涔灏辨ｄ藉ョ瀛璧蜂ㄧ淇℃

浣堕╅ｄ藉╃ㄨ介┿浣浜涓瀛╁ㄤ欢锛姣濡浠涓娉靛垫猴ㄦ浜瑕褰锛瀹浠杩瀵硅瀛ラ娴ャ灏杩璇村帮涓轰寰瀹浠浜虹锛杩浜ㄤ欢蹇椤绘瑰瀹浠扮涓烘瀵逛琛ㄧ褰㈠绠拌薄锛浠浣垮浠藉棰娴灏ョ浜

瀛涔姝讳骸

ㄧ己灏杩澶剁典锛充娇戒绯讳腑烘俊ц川宸茬烘ヤ锛杩骞宠　ㄥ瀛浣濡瑕宠薄村规э濡宸ュ风浣跨浜ゆ绀句浣锛浣蹇椤绘杩杩ャ

绠浜锛杩瀹浜杩浜琛涓洪甯歌璁や负搴杈惧杩╃浼挎甸跨被楦绫伙瀹浠浠ョ辩镐浣ㄧ瀛绠绯荤杩琛妯℃

杩椤规抽ㄤ绯荤瑕绾′欢寮瀵硷冲ㄧ瀹堕撮锛瀹浼琛ㄧ轰娇靛肩澶у锛ㄨ绉典锛介瑕瀵圭瀛澶璺杩琛涓瀹涔锛

电澶у涓搴璁や负[9]骞宠　绯荤规с浣ㄨ涓妯″涓锛绯荤靛ㄥ哄堕寸锛璁╁垫澶у瑙锛骞朵寤朵几虫ャ㈠璇璇达瀹锋绘с

浜瀹涓锛杩涓ā浜绮瀛藉ㄧ璺锛骞惰揩浣垮浠搴浜х烘澶х电ｆ°绮ヨ锛瀹惧浜娇绮瀛浠ュㄥ锋澶璺ｆ°

浣涔璁镐璇达绮瀛绯荤缁涓绉淇瀹浠ㄨ辨х姹锛骞朵杩绉姹寮瀵肩瀹姣舵荤琛涓恒绌跺苟灞浜杩涓妯″瀛锛浜灞卞ぇ路缁存撼路肩Alexzandra Wissner Gross锛锛寮澶у锛℃浼β峰灏锛Cameron Freer锛(楹荤宸ュ㈢板瀹)杩绉姹绉颁负电[10]ㄤ娇ㄨ绠烘ā瑰缃剁瀛板绉诲ㄦ讹杩″浜х锋绉鸿芥х缁

姣濡绉褰涓涓ぇ浠ヤ绠′腑杩╃ㄢ灏琛烘扮灏锛杩涓绋濂芥宸ュ风浣跨扮惧浠ユ楂绯荤靛笺澶涓绉褰涓轰戒村ぇ浜х镐浣涓や釜浜绂诲哄浼跺ф澶х锛杩灏辨ぞ浼浣浣

褰讹杩浜绠镐浣ㄦ瑰瀹浠ヨユ澶浣浠娉ョ锛藉村苟濡姝ゃｄ锛杩绉浣ㄦ浣涓╁稿宠

界剁淮撼路肩〃绀猴浠宸茬濮村浜负电纭涓绉瀹涔╁瑙寰哄讹浣骞舵病寮娓妤涓讹浠杩璁や负杩绉规芥瀹搴ㄤ环尖缁浜哄伐鸿芥渚寰浠棰瑷锛告存浠绠棰娴哄锛瑙瀵璞★绌跺惰╃瑙寰绾′欢浼村揩涓浜㈠璇璇村氨惧颁宠浣绯伙跺瑙ｅ冲峰伐浣

琛拌涔涓磋璁や负绉辫冲褰㈢躲╀瑕ㄦ瀵垮介轰绻琛唬锛寸惰杞瀛浠ｄ浼寰澶挎堕达瀹浠氨瑕璋浜澶鸿婧杩浼间灏辨浜涓ㄥ锛浣灏寰峰路姊灏路濂ュ规硷Hildegard Meyer Ortmanns锛(寰峰戒ユ姣澶у╃瀛)翠璧锛浠璁や负锛琛拌规辩瀛俊剁╃瀛绋锛涓╂涓

瑙棰锛David Kaplan 瑙ｉ浜靛娉浣椹卞ㄩ烘цュ扮ǔ瀹搴界

褰讹杩缁涓涓瑗跨ㄥ浜ｄ绠姊灏路濂ュ规艰锛浠堕澶чㄥ杞╄川浼ㄥ寮濮琛拌灏辨烘扳浣杩绉存扮杩绋骞朵瀹缇瀛俊澶惰姹蹇椤诲ㄧ簿纭害介存琛[11]涓涓戒介搴锛浠ラ璇瀹浼堕寸Н绱ャ姝ゆ讹戒涓寰涓璐瑰ぇ介淇杩浜璇存扮杩绋缁浼涓哄朵骇浜澶缂洪疯娉姝ｅ父杩杞锛姝讳骸渚块涓翠

缁浼间杩涓广浼ㄧワ瑰荤浜虹被缁浼间澶藉4060娆★灏变姝㈠讹璧板琛颁骸锛杩琚О涓烘捣浣锛Haylfick limit[12]锛杩瀵逛汉绫诲界瑙瀵琛ㄦ涓轰涔浜虹被惧涔浼瀛娲诲お涔[13]锛杩㈠芥浜川涓瑗裤

瀵逛ㄦ板ㄧ骞宠　澧涓绯荤琛ㄧ烘鹃介姹缁缁姹棰娴э杩璁虹浠繁灏辨蜂涓绯伙灏卞ソ姣浠绁藉颁濮缁锛骞宠　瀛技涔璇浠ㄨ绉典绌剁浠涔瑕

㈠璇璇达琛涓界虹锛姣濡╂扮锛婊′冲北娲诲ㄧ被芥锛瀹浠缁村钩琛°寮濮讹浼间病浠涔剁瑙浜锛姝ｅ寰澶绉瀛瀹ｆ凤浣瀹涓瀹灏辨

2006骞达ｈ绌舵惧路瀵Eric Smith锛ョ缃寰仿疯缃缁磋Harold Morawitz锛璁や负[14]锛骞宠　瀛郴缁村芥ㄦ锛琚涓烘戒骇╄川锛扮涓虹缁澶绯荤锛骞朵娇扮杩绂诲钩琛℃锛涓濮瀛绠惧モ娓╂灏濉锛ュ疯揪灏涔绉板肩锛锛ㄥ烘ョ

ㄦ鸿涓浜璁虹骞撮锛绌惰杩琛浜缁琛ュ骞舵繁ュｄ琚╂孤疯灏璁や负╁蹇涓灏灞р撅芥瀛璁＄╃浜х蹇剁杩浜涓у戒杩ワ浜х烘浜涓瑗匡姣濡姐

涓讹澶╂瀛璇浠ㄦ浠澶绯婚锛浼拌颁互浜胯[15]琛缁朵杩杞瀹浠璁稿澶浜骞宠　锛冲浜灏卞扮涓凤骞朵锛风瑙涔ㄩｉ

绔哄锛https://www.quantamagazine.org/20170126-information-theory-and-the-foundation-of-life/

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绉腑解腑界哄绀句瑰╃ㄤ俊娈靛灞绉瀛绉瀛濞

辩腑借浣哄锛杞浇璇锋敞哄