5澶ф瑰ョ瓒剧瀛涔锛

杩骞存ワ浣浜ュ澶у寮哄瀵规猴LHC锛瀹瀵烩涓甯绮瀛浠诲★瀛虫敞逛涓跺锛杩涓浜绉瀛涔ㄨ村浜峰婊℃瀹楠锛涓LHC椤圭凤杩浜瀹楠戒瑰ョ㈣

杩浜绌惰甯搁榛伙存挎ㄦ板勾虫板骞存堕存ユ浣绮惧浠浣夸椤哄╄杞ㄥ楠杩绋涓浠浠舵澶缁锛灏藉藉版虹锛瀵逛芥颁贡娴淇″０锛浠浠杩琛浜茶涓浜锛ㄦ簿搴锛浠浠撮濂杩浠浠姣涓ц锛遍澹妇杩锛浠浠缁5椤硅绫诲楠

1.娴板

1999骞达褰惰浣澶у绌剁寸淮路澶锛David Charbonneau锛瀵瑰涓涓绯讳腑锛琛杩姣琛ㄩ㈡讹浜害寰急杩琛浜娴杩汉绫婚娆℃娴版绫荤璞°惰充ワ杩借釜杩绉モ璞★宸叉涓哄ぉ瀛瀵绘惧板琛甯哥ㄦ规锛扮ㄤ寮娓杩浜琛跺ぇ姘缁姣濡锛濡棰琛澶ф涓姘э灏卞芥涓烘藉ㄧ存璇浣娴杩浜绱规灏辨╃ㄦ绌胯琛澶ф褰㈡璋憋杩涓哄井寮辩淇″

澶璁や负锛澶х伴惧ㄤ琛浠介℃寰灏ㄥ锛涓棰ㄦ澶у琛杩澶冲ぇ灏讹介℃绾1锛锛涓棰村濡扮澶у琛介℃0.01锛涓ワ浣瑕惧拌棰琛娲辫澶锛涔灏辨澶ф灞锛澶璇达绌胯杩灞澶璋憋澶╂瀛宠淇℃杩蜂ワ濡扮澶у琛杩澶冲ぇ灏锛涓虹瀛╃ㄧ涓瓒崇句涔涓

灏界ㄤ澶╋杩娌℃浠讳涓杩杈ㄨ藉锛戒涓拷韪伴ｇ句涔涓ㄤ俊锛浣浜灏杞恒澶璇达杩涓鸿濡ㄦ杩风姘宸ㄨユ姣扮村澶ф锛浠ヨ绫昏璋辩瑰涔浼存句广浠2005骞磋充锛杩绛绌洪村ぉ宸茬扮害40涓宸ㄨ澶ф璋便ㄥワ娴惧颁浜璐ㄧ锛涓杩惰充ワ瀵规宸ㄨ澶ф娴戒借浠ヤ负甯革浣涔涓楗卞浜璁ㄧ濡浣娴扮澶у琛澶ф锛杩娌′汉藉拌涓光杩杩涓锛ｄ姝ｅㄦ娴瓒绾у扮GJ 1214b璋辩绉瀛杩棰琛村扮2.6锛缁涓棰姣澶崇灏杞棣娆¤娴浼间〃璇ヨユ婊℃按告浜灞澶ф灞版锛澶跺㈤ㄥ杩璇瀹浜杩涓

瀵逛扮杩风缁澶虫锋杞琛锛濡瑕纭瀹澶ф锛涓哄板界瀛ㄦ渚浣宠灏卞绾ц娴璁惧锛楂垫害澶澶х灏堕翠集澶┖杩芥╂ュ绌衡璁″锛杩惰璧80浜跨缁т换灏浜2018骞村灏澶瀵瑰婊℃ф版跺浼璇濂杩圭跺伙瀹灏缁板界瀵绘坊涓娴澧ㄩ褰╃涓绗

2.绌垮瀛榄

╁涓瀛ㄧ涓绉濂圭涓瀵圭Ос寰澶瀛锋р锛chiral锛锛冲瀛涓瀛瀛ㄤ袱绉浜涓洪瑰褰瀛姝ょ被瀛讹寰寰寰扮袱绉х娣峰╋涓虹璧疯锛О瀹浠宸瀛瀛濂╃甯稿扁宸瀛锛浣娌′汉ラ朵腑缂

涓绉瑙ｉ璁や负锛杩剁涓4绉烘涓寮卞冲绮瀛╃瀛妯″棰瑷浜4绉烘锛朵腑寮卞锛weak force锛稿靛寸镐浣ㄧ浼锛瀹瀵瑰乏瀛涓浣ㄥ朵3绉烘锛瀵逛袱绉寰瀛浣ㄩ芥稿娉藉反榛13澶у璐β疯揪灏鸿讹Benot Darqui茅锛瑙ｉ璇达璁轰锛寮卞浼瀵艰存у瀛涓绉寰缁芥锛energy state锛绋寮变涓寰缁锛杩绉宸甯镐负1/1015锝1/1020姝わ濡涓绉寰缁ㄩ30THz锛1THz=1012Hz锛锛ｅ涓寰缁ㄩ浼宸姣但癸mHz锛10-3Hz锛冲寰但癸渭Hz锛10-6Hz锛

杈惧鸿惰锛娴袱绉寰瀛寸寰樊寮锛灏╀В锛涓轰╁ソ宸缁锛浠绌跺涔涓烘杩绫绘宠戒负妯″涓寮卞璁洪ㄥ浜版渚纭笺

揪灏鸿舵ワ浠浜ㄧ杩琛姝ら」灏璇㈤瀹涓锛浠变3骞存堕存ョ缃绌舵瀹楠╃瀛璁轰瀹跺瀛浠浠ㄩ瑕诲涓や釜鹃锛棣缓楂杈ㄧ璋变华锛ㄤу瀛芥锛杈惧鸿跺ユ濂借澶芥瀵5/1014介樊姣璋变华杈ㄨ藉澶ф瑕濂100涓锛间浠浠ㄥ缓涓绮惧害撮浠ㄢ瑕杈惧板姝ら绮惧害锛蹇椤婚缁澶ㄦ淇璇娓╁害娉㈠ㄤ瓒杩0.1涓浠濡姝わ涓轰ㄦ绮惧害涓娴瀛ㄧ棰锛杈惧鸿剁瀹楠瀹よ浣跨ㄤ涓瀛锛molecular clock锛锛骞堕杩绾や反榛涓舵瀛淇姝ャ

浠浠复绗涓轰绉寰缁涓瀵圭О璞¤冻澶剧娴璇瀛杩绉瀛瑕涓涓澶х涓瀛锛涓哄瀛璁哄璇浠濡涓瀛杈澶э藉寰缁介樊寮澶у讹杩绉瀛琚版锛ㄤ璋辨讹杩涓瀹规灏界杈惧鸿跺ㄥ灏璇锛堕虹函绮圭宸瀛锛浣浠浠涓猴浣崇╁芥互插轰姘у硷methyltrioxorhenium锛涓哄锛跺ㄤ涓～瀛涓涓瀛缃㈣瀛涓涓や釜姘у瀛充究惧颁瀹缇娴璇瀛锛浠浠瑕涓骞存堕存ョН绱冻澶版浠ヤ究寰淇＄缁

濡瀹楠缁娌¤借В寮╂寰璋璇ユ锛杈惧鸿惰锛浠涓浼澶ㄦ涓轰浠缓绔涓烘楠烘╃璁烘渚寰澶版规甯革澶у扮簿纭╃瀹楠芥ㄩ界瀛浣藉瀛寮灞锛瀛村锛浠ヨ借В虫村

3.瀵绘鹃澶缁村害

瀵逛瀹涓锛浠涓涓甯稿烘璁よ锛涔病浜哄姝ゆ锛ｅ氨浠涓板ソ涓涓┖寸淮搴宸杩涓涓浣瓒寮璁猴superstring theory锛朵涓浜涓╃璁衡灏璇锛宸茬寰澶╃瀛镐俊锛绌洪寸缁村害杩涓姝浠浠涓猴杩浜棰澶缁村害搴锋茬锛浠ユ浠规瑙涓帮浣瀹浠ㄥ灏灏哄害涓褰卞寮锛浣垮涓や釜╃寸浣ㄥ锛绋绋椤垮璁虹缁哥姝わ濡藉ㄥ楠涓娴板井灏昂搴寮锛涔璁稿氨借瀹杩浜棰澶缁村害瀛ㄣ

缇藉椤垮ぇ瀛楠稿╃涓ぉ浣╃涓路垮痉灏璐硷Eric Adelberger锛绗娆″拌风璇存锛1999骞寸涓涓搴т腑浜浜鸿涓鸿涓虫寰涔浜鸿涓哄寰凤浠蹇浣浠浜冲瑕ㄥ楠ユ楠杩绉璇存濡借瀹锛浠瀹瀹缁村害璁よ涓存锛杩姣杩翠护浜烘ㄧ浜锛浠璇淬

垮痉灏璐肩姝ㄢГ锛torsion balance锛锛跺灏辨18涓绾90骞翠唬卞界╃瀛浜ㄥ┞峰℃杩锛Henry Cavendish锛棣娆℃寮甯告版ㄨ缃绾хㄨ涓浠ｇГ涓涓归灞ㄤ绾挎璧锋ワ浠ヨ辨灞搴绔剧涓涓娴锛涓绘涓绯诲灏ㄦ娴涓瑰寰背澶锛杩涓涓绘绫讳技灏杩稿褰稿杞ㄦ讹灏涔寸浣浼瀵规娴浣藉涓涓井寮卞锛浣挎娴灞杞浠浆锛浣夸杞ㄥぇ绾浜垮涔涓搴寰搴

涓轰纭娴涓扮稿寮涔澶朵浣ㄥ褰卞锛翠釜瑁缃ㄤ欢藉椤荤ㄩ纾х╄川舵锛涓ㄤ欢琛ㄩ㈤借涓涓灞锛濂借浠ㄦ甯佃峰甯ゆ涔澶锛翠釜瑁缃朵℃瀹缇瑕瀹ㄩ缁澶ㄦ杞虹杞寮璧风ㄣ浠濂界版ㄥㄦ澶板4逛村寰锛垮痉灏璐兼璇达杩涓瑰璁ㄥ锛涓轰惰浣虫版堕村锛寮寰浠ㄩ芥澶浜

绮剧姹绮剧璁捐璁╃绌朵汉浠ユゅ朵褰卞绱锛濡杩蜂借瀵版娴浆锛浠浠ラ濂芥婕扮涓烘锛垮痉灏璐肩绌跺浠ユ锛44寰背浠ヤ灏哄害娌℃棰澶缁村害瀛ㄣ浠涓や釜绌剁锛浠ュㄧ朵10澶涓锛芥ㄦ虫硅娉缁х画寰灏哄害杩涓杩锛绌剁瑕澶涔芥锛充浜棰澶缁村害澶у垮痉灏璐艰涓猴濡棰澶缁村害锋插澶瀹筹ｇ妗芥案杩涔涓浜濡30寰背涓瑙锋诧ｅ氨涓骞村氨藉

浣垮痉灏璐间技涔浜杩绉婊′纭绱涓杩绋锛涓轰瑙寰杩灏卞诲北锛杩绋瓒伴撅婚《瑙灏辫缇锛椋ㄩ╁嘲

4.寮娉

孤烽锋．锛Scott Ransom锛ｅ瀛浼肩插ご涓姝ｅㄤ绌朵技涔浜涓哥锛杩涓绌跺借绛涓ュ勾藉瑙绔锋．藉藉灏靛ぉ锛National Radio Astronomy Observatory锛澶╂瀛锛ㄨ版绯讳腑绮惧澶╃堕琛ㄢ叉锛pulstar锛讹浠撮韫轰涓杩涓茬澶浜锋浜杩风璇ワ骞惰涓鸿叉借浠朵绉瀛楠璇卞箍涔稿璁轰腑涓涓烘棰瑷寮娉gravitational wave锛瀹灏涓烘浠寮涓瑙娴瀹瀹ㄦ扮锛浠峰风锛や涔尖锛浠璐ㄩ尖

锋．瑙ｉ璇达х卞箍涔稿璁猴寮娉㈡辫川ㄥ璧风剁┖缁娑婕姣濡璇翠瀵逛哥杞涓锛neutron star锛灏辫戒骇寮娉锋．璇达杩灏卞ㄤ涓靛锛浼璁╃靛ㄥ寸靛哄纾轰互朵褰㈠杈灏ㄥ翠凤褰浣ㄦ涓璐ㄩ╀锛浣灏卞堕轰寮娉⑩

涓杩浠や汉娌抚灏辩涓绯诲甯稿己寮娉㈡扮锛涔浼璁╁扮村剁缉╁涓10绾崇背锛姝よ濡缇芥骞叉寮娉㈠ぉ锛Laser Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory锛LIGO锛杩绫诲缓ㄥ伴寮娉㈡娴璁惧锛姘歌娉辫０骞叉帮璺¤溅锋寸冲涔澶娴锋哗涓璧蜂娴锋氮锛戒娣规病寮娉俊

姝わ锋．浠拷冲韫寰锛涓绉翠瑰ユ娴寮娉瑙娴叉叉搴澶х澶╀锛浜叉姣借浆板娆★姣杞ㄩ藉澶杈灏轰查澶╂瀛瀵硅插烘堕寸娴界簿纭100绾崇涔变浣锛very-low-frequency锛寮娉板ㄨ叉扮涔寸剁┖锛瀵艰磋叉堕村Щ锛姝ら锋．灏绠锛娴甯ㄥㄥぉ20涓叉锛藉娴拌绉堕村Щ浠浠锛杩杩绉瑰芥娴板瀹娣卞澶ц川娲板勾涓ㄧ杞ㄣ绯荤镐纰版绛寮哄娉㈡浜х寮娉

杩椤圭绌舵卞介叉璁版堕靛锛International Pulsar Timing Array consortium锛缁缁锛や锋．澶锛杩10澶浣绉瀛涓濂芥浠浠椤昏喘涔颁换浣拌澶锛娉㈠榛块疯タ灏垫杩锛Arecibo radio telescope锛灏卞姝や换浣澶ф瑕缁娴骞达芥扮辫浆ㄩ娲虹寮娉浠浠瀵6棰叉杩琛浜杩缁5骞寸纭舵

涓杩锛锋．浠у婊′俊蹇锛浠轰涓ヤ勘澧锛瑕蹇绛寰锛寮娉㈢灏浼虹

5.濉

1锛杩涓甯告般浣瀹涓瀹浼锛杩涓烘ф璐ㄩ瑙瀹锛1绛浜反榛澶涓村夸腑锛ｄ釜120骞撮榫卞辩璐ㄩ璋涔涓ラ杩浣ㄢ锛Le Grand K锛绌剁变瀛藉ㄨ〃㈠浜锛杩变瀛浠〃㈣辫藉杞讳锛借瀹璐ㄩㄥ璇瀹ｄ惧ㄤ寸澶跺锛ㄥ凡缁浜娴璐ㄩ樊

浠瑕寮娓妤杩浠朵锛缇芥涓腑蹇锛NIST锛宸ョ甯村浜板涔璐ㄩ璁￠瀹剁悸锋癸Jon Pratt锛璇淬浠浠缁璇达涓涓杩ㄥ╂ュ涔烘浣

板涔烘虫灏涓涓簿纭烘╃甯告拌绯昏捣ワ灏卞浠澶╃ㄧ绌轰腑ュ涔绫充凤1绫虫ㄧ绌轰腑1/299792458绉杩璺绂汇杩崇锛瑕瀹涔锛灏卞椤荤‘瀹甯告h锛涓哄瀛腑介锛energy quanta锛澶у瀹涔涓棰谓灏卞拌介宠垫搴圭E=h谓锛锛ㄦ磋璐ㄨ芥圭E=mc2锛灏卞浠ュ哄璐ㄩ瀹涔浜

涓杩锛纭甯告扮纭板兼釜绮剧娲伙涓甯哥ㄧ涓ょ娴规寰扮缁杩瀛ㄥ樊寮锛杩璁╀杩版规姝㈡涓

ㄨ涓ょ规涓涓绉娇ㄢ圭Г锛watt balance锛杩绉瑁缃跺剁澶╁钩锛涓绔胯浇1璐ㄩ╀锛璇ョ╀璐ㄩㄥ反榛ㄧ簿蹇″杩锛涓绔涓惧ㄧ轰腑电嚎璋寸猴村1璐ㄩ嚎电绮剧‘骞宠　锛涓ュ氨杩涓杩涓叉圭锛1璐ㄩ甯告拌绯昏捣ャ浣璇磋捣ュ璧锋ラ撅绌惰涓浠瑕垮浠讳娴樊锛杩瑕ゅ朵骞叉帮姣濡瀹规瀵艰磋宸扮寮虹

辨硅璐ｇ杩圭Г锛惧2007骞寸轰甯告版纭娴涔涓锛6.6260689110-34J路s锛稿璇樊浠涓3610-9涓杩锛卞藉藉╃瀹楠瀹わNPL锛圭Г锛璇ョ圭Г琚Щ捐冲垮ぇ藉绌跺浼涓灞藉娴瀛缁轰涓NIST绋宸缁锛哄界跺灏浣娉ㄥ楠璇樊ヨВ

涓绉甯哥ㄦ规璁￠浣绱绾isotopically pure锛娌℃璐ㄤ绉浣绱璐峰涓瀛扮辨纭夸冀寰风甯告帮Avogadro constant锛12纰12瀛瀛扮板硷杩涓板煎杩涓濂圭㈢甯告般2008骞达寰峰借╃绌舵锛Federal Institute of Physical and Technical Affairs锛绉瀛ㄤ袱涓涔缇1浣杩琛浜瀹楠杩涓や釜浣99.995%绾28舵锛浠浠ㄩ绮惧害婵骞叉浠‘瀹浣绉X灏绾胯灏纭浣朵缁锛浠ヤ究藉ㄦ撮绮惧害涓瀵瑰瀛杩琛璁℃般锛浠浠虹夸冀寰风甯告扮板间负6.022140821023锛稿璇樊浣3010-9锛辨㈢寰扮甯告颁NPL圭Г缁稿诲锛浣涓NIST缁涓涓淬

2010骞达甯告扮兼6.6260695710-34J路s锛稿璇樊4410-9浜鸿涓猴杩宸茬冻浠ョㄤ板涔浜锛浣涔存浜哄瑕绛绉娴诲寰村ソ涓浜娴宸寸缉灏2010-9浠ヤ锛浠ラ板涔

ｅ瑕绛涓濂戒靛锛硅锛杩浜娴藉撅杩灏辨浠㈠

锛浣锛灏煎路兼缈昏锛Kingmagic锛